In contrast to the principles of conventional management mentioned as theory x, the advocated theory y illuminated a cluster of new or redefined concepts such as selffulfilling prophecy and responsibility. Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960. Pdf on nov 1, 2017, mohammad saiful islam and others published application of mcgregors theory x and theory y. Mcgregor s ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y biography of douglas mcgregor douglas mcgregor was born on 1906 in detroit, america.
Theory x and theory y of motivation explain with examples. Evaluating mcgregors theory as an approach to management. Douglas mcgregor work is established in motivation theory. Toward a constructvalid measure article pdf available in journal of managerial issues 202. Perception of management toward the employees in the banking industry of. Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. Mcgregors theories x and y introduction to business. Given the drawbacks of theoryx, mcgregor developed an alternative theory of human behavior called theoryy. The average individual is by nature indolent and will avoid work if he can. Theory x and theory y of motivation theory x and theory y of motivation by mcgregor s external motivation includes the forces which exist inside the individuals as well as the controlled by the manager, including items such as salaries, working conditions, company policy and job content items, such as recognition. The average person lacks ambition, dislikes responsibility, and prefers to be led. Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and.
Theory x and theory y mcgregor s theory x and theory y. After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles what is theory x and theory y. They can only be made to get results at work by the application of. Free xy theory test tool personal and organizational pdf. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory xtype organizations seemed to believe. These theories are two opposing sets of general assumptions of how workers are motivated, it forms the. Theory x and theory y assumptions, merits and demerits. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison.
Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Managers with theory x attitudes hold that subordinates dislike work, avoid work if they can, and show little ambition. Theory x and theory y describe two views of people at work and may be used to describe two opposing management styles. His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y. Douglas mcgregor, one of maslow s students, influenced the study of motivation with his formulation of two contrasting sets of assumptions about human nature theory x and theory y the theory x management style is based on a pessimistic view of. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. The latter theory has a much more positive view about employees and it is suggested that the employer is under a lot less pressure than one who is influenced by the management style of theory x. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Theory x and theory y describe two very different attitudes toward workforce motivation. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions about people. Mcgregors ideas about theory x and theory y were first articulated in his. In this essay i will elaborate more on the douglas mcgregors theory x and y as well as how the theory has added value in the methods of the management that managers today use to reach organizational goals.
The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. This article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. Douglas mcgregor, one of maslows students, influenced the. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to. Theory x advanced the view that human beings have an innate dislike for work. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Mcgregors theory x and theory y douglas mcgregors in his book the human side of enterprise published in 1960, explained two different kinds of theories or assumptions about human behavior.
Douglas mcgregors theory x vs theory y lucidchart blog. His theory is based on managerial views of human beings. The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a neutral terminology, which does not convey any sense of badness or goodness associated with these theories. It is important to note that both theory x and theory y are based on the argument that there are specific approaches to managing people based on their traits. Many theorists support that mcgregors theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. And theory x theory y was based on mcgregors book of 1960s called the human side of enterprise. Mcgregor considers theory x and theory y as two different continua in themselves, they are not different ends of the same continuum. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Mcgregor argued that these assumptions fall into two broad categories theory x and theory y. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor.
Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregors xy theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. X and consider using the techniques suggested by theory y. The points given below are substantial, so far as the difference between theory x and theory y is concerned. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. Douglas mcgregor 1960, 1966 classified managers attitudes or belief system, which he called assumptions, as theory x and y.
Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do. The human side of enterprise, where he identifies and develops his enowned theory x and theory y. According to the economist 2008 he was not necessarily the first. Pdf douglas mcgregors landmark book, the human side of enterprise, changed the path of management thinking and practice by. This concept emphasizes that staff are selfdiscipline and would like to do the job themselves.
Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y are theory of human motivation and management. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the manager or worker corresponding to the. Theory x and theory y were initially presented in the early work of douglas mcgregor. Features of mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation.
Many years ago a professor named douglas mcgregor dubbed these perspectives theory x and theory y. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of. Douglas mcgregor is a social psychologist and applied two sets of assumptions to the organizational structure called theory x and theory y. Theory y mcgregors theory y is the root cause of employee. It showed up when the behavioral sciences were assuming an expanding part in how managers considered their work. In the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. Managements action of motivating human beings in the organization, according to mcgregor, involves certain assumptions, generalizations and hypothesis relating to human behavior and human nature. Social psychologist mcgregors theoryx and theoryyof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s. The first being theory y mangers and theory x managers waddell, jones, george 2010, p. Mcgregors work had a huge effect on administrative thought. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation.
The business provides assistance to great lakes sailors and other transient labour. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y free. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put theory y that people want to work, achieve and take responsibility into practice in a californian electronics factory. Mcgregor postulated 2 theories on human management and leadership which are theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y in his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. Mcgregors theory x and theory y the idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous xy theory in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. Theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the.
He summarized the findings of the hawthorn experiment by introducing both theory x and theory y. People will exercise selfdirection and selfcontrol if they are committed to the objectives. Theory x assumes that employees inherently dislike work. Professor douglas mcgregor highlighted that there is a significant relationship between motivation and leadership among people. Douglas mcgregor, a famous mit professor and social psychologist, formulated two theories of motivation theory x and theory y, where he suggests that these two contrasting theories directly link to the employees one might encounter at the workplace, and how managers can deal with them.
Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y 849 words 123. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of management and motivation. Kouroush jenab, selva staubsuccessful implementation of six. If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to mcgregor, youll likely use an authoritarian style of.
In his book, the human side of enterprise, he outlined a new role. Douglas mcgregor introduced us to theory x and theory y in his 1960 book, the. Theory y mcgregors theory y is the root cause of employee empowerment. He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. Advantages and disadvantages of theory x and y essay. Theory x is propounded by mcgregor, which indicates a set of assumptions, that an average worker is motivated to satisfy their own needs and not to contribute to the fulfilment of organisational goals. There were two main parts to this framework, theory x and theory y. Differences between theory x and theory y difference between. Theory x of motivation is based on the following assumptions. Mcgregor came from a social psychology background and brought his training in this area to the field of management. Employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. Mcgregor s x y theory is a natural rule for managing people. Theory x, theory y by douglas mcgregor is a motivation theory.
History mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960. Difference between douglas mcgregor theory and herzberg s. There are two alternative sets of assumptions which mcgregor has described as theory x and theory y. Mcgregors theory x, y and ouchis z motivation self. The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible.
A historical view of douglas mcgregors theory y tufts canvas. The average man is by nature, lazy he works as little as possible. Pdf application of mcgregors theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, and they refer to two styles of management authoritarian theory x and participative theory y. Mcgregors theory x and theory y he was the first full time professor of psychology at mit university. Theory x vs theory y managers because employees have historically been given a flat exchange of time and energy for income, workplace incentives have often been rooted in a fear of loss of employment, in earning potential from extra productivity, or in acquiescing to managerial dominance for promotion.
How are mcgregors theories x and y and ouchis theory z used to explain worker motivation. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. The team members are active and supportive in our work climate and find the work itself rewarding. Alan chapman 200108 based on douglas mcgregors xy theory. Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Theory x was based on a number of key assumptions, the most important of which was that individuals instinctively didnt like work.
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